No doubt that the specialized vocabulary in every science, represented those science, and scientific language as an integral part of every science. Any scientific study requires the loss of a coherent set of specific vocabulary of the discipline, synonyms for them, and suggest them to precisely define the areas of disagreement and eliminate possible misunderstandings.The etymological origin of ‘territory’ is often traced back to the Latin ‘terra’ (geographic area) and ‘terrere’ (to frighten: to terrorise).territory is back. For long something of a poor relation among spatial concepts, and until recently on the wane politically, territory today seems to be ever more important. Borders, security, sovereignty, secession, invasion and occupation—all usually seen as close correlates of territory—are rarely out of the news. Meanwhile, in political theory and philosophy, the fashionable notion of deterritorialisation cannot be separated from a correlative reterritorialisation. territory’s time has come, or so it seems.If any kind of space is quintessentially “state space”, it is surely “territory”. Yet, for all the far-reaching discussion of the territorial re-organization of the contemporary state, the decline and rise of the political salience of territory, and the implications of territory for the exercise of power, the nature of territory itself—it's being and becoming, rather than its consequences and effects—remains under-theorized and too often taken for granted. The intense engagement with diverse forms of social theory that has marked human geography since the 1980s has involved a comprehensive interrogation and re-thinking of many of the core concepts of the discipline, including space, place, landscape, region and scale. Until recently, however, the concept of territory has not received the same level of attention, at least in the Anglophone literature.It is interesting to think about the reasons for this relative neglect. It seems plausible to suggest that among critical human geographers the concept of territory may even have been seen as something of an embarrassment. There are a couple of possible explanations for this, particularly if we accept for the sake of argument that territory has usually been understood as a bounded and in some respects homogeneous portion of geographical space.Geographical thinking in the 1980s and 1990s came increasingly to emphasize the porosity and fluidity of boundaries, and the supposedly consequent reduction in their political salience. It also stressed the increasingly (or even intrinsically) heterogeneous character of space and place. In these circumstances, invoking the concept of territory risked being seen as either anachronistic (because the world had changed) or reactionary (because an insistence on seeing the world in terms of bounded and homogenous spaces suggested a fear of Otherness and an exclusionary attitude to social and cultural difference).The concept of territory may also have been embarrassing for some because of its ill-defined, but powerful associations with the use of similar concepts in animal ethology and socio-biology. After all, one of the commonest uses of the term “territory” in general discourse is to refer to the home range of an animal, particularly with reference to aggressive and defensive behaviors. Of course, anything that risks smuggling socio-biological assumptions into studies of human activity is anathema to most critical social scientists. A similar mistrust of ideas smacking of environmental determinism may have added to the suspicion with which the concept of territory has sometimes been regarded.Although many discussions of territory suggest that it is fundamentally a political phenomenon, the perception that it also often involves fixed borders perhaps raised the spectre of “natural boundaries” and nineteenth century understandings about the relationship between culture and environment: desert peoples, mountain peoples, forest peoples and plains peoples; each with a special ineffable bond between culture, nature and “territory”.The assertion of territorial control has been explained as an innate, instinctive inclination of human beings to possess and to defend an area against intruders, similar to animals. Although every individual human being requires some space to live, and feels emotionally attached to certain places, the diversity of political entities in the past and present shows that neither individuals nor social collectives seek instinctively fixed, closed, and clearly demarcated territories for their survival or the protection of property. People may feel more comfortable and relaxed when they control ‘their’ territory, yet the scale and size of the territory they consider as their ‘natural’ home, or as their fatherland - their backyard, city, region, village, state, federation, neighborhood, empire, etc. - is indeterminate.Political Geography has several concepts such as place, space, scale and territory, and so that the concepts are disputed. Concept of territory, according to many experts in the field of political geography, one of the most controversial concepts in this field. Choose the appropriate equivalent can help audience for easy understand. This study is fundamental theoretical, and descriptive analysis using primary sources in Persian and Latin, try to find the nature of the concept of territory and introduce appropriate equivalent in Persian political geography literature. As research founding's in appropriate equivalent for territory shows, political geographers use it in different meanings, beyond the understanding of natural geographers as a framework for natural processes, and also as human geographers consider the term mentioned as a static field of human events. In terms of political geography, territory is not only mere space for human action as physical framework, but is a clear reflection of "power relations between political actors", So that in several important aspects of social life and social power, such as function of "space control", "political actors", "borders and apply the monopoly rule" arises. So territory is field that individuals try to control by methods such as "defense", "control", "exclusion" and "inclusion", thus territory, in political geography literature confined space is defined by a boundary, that provides power and control for state; And thus the territory consist of the land, because the land is the physical and human (non-political) domain.

Introduction: 21st century is the century of ideas and creativity. In this century, human creativity and his talent are considered the main drivers of economic, social and cultural development, and the ever-increasing competition of cities, regions and countries will increasingly depend on its cultivation, preservation and attraction. In this regard, creativity has gained many reflections in urban and regional studies and has added new concepts such as "creative class", "creative industries", "creative environment" and "creative city" to the planning literature. The purpose of this research is to Measuring the state of creativity indicators in the territory of nomads in Zahedan County.Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of survey data. The main tool of data collection was the questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by elites and its reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Zahedan city (770,800 people). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 384 people. SPSS software was used for data analysisGeographical area of research: This research has been investigated in the territory of the nomads of Zahedan County.Results and discussion: The results of the t-test showed that the state of creativity indicators in the territory of the nomads of Zahedan city is not suitable with a value of 2.596 and the lowest average is related to the variable of creative services with a value of 2.017. Also, the correlation between the indicators of creativity in its realization is equal to 0.717, which is considered a direct correlation. Finally, prioritizing the status of creativity indicators using the Friedman test showed that the highest average is related to the creative class index with a value of 5.91Conclusion: The results of the research confirm that the state of creativity indicators is inappropriate, and this inappropriateness has not only been effective in not realizing the creativity approach, but it is also effective in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, you should try to see and implement the principles of creativity in all stages of development.

Unprincipled control of population growth was occurred in recent decades, not too distant future our country will face a crisis to reduce the generation and labor shortages. Ayatollah Khamenei warning on various occasions is proof of this statement. The question in this research is that Islamic state in what ways can save society from limiting generation? The author has the opinion that the Islamic government headed by fully qualified jurist, due to appropriate and necessary, imposes new sentences on the issue of proliferation of generation; however, compliance with such a governmental decree is obligatory for all citizens, but in the realization of this objective, cultural practices, supplying couples as well as measures such as promoting the usage culture of rented womb, artificial insemination and the commitment of stipulation is far more efficient than government requirements.

Jats were living in the south of Indian Subcontinent and the sind land. Their skill and experience in navigation, trading, and maritime battles made them come to the Persian Gulf and Zangbar's coasts. Being called as low caste people, caused most of them to convert to Islam. Moslem's fast conquests in sind, were all based on Jats' cooperation. From then on, their numbers increased in Iran and Iraq. They not only participated in the Moslem's armies, but also in many revolts. Also in the Indian Subcontinent, the non-Moslem Jats were always picking fights with Moslem governors. Strictness on some of the Mongolian Sultans made Jats united and they change from ~rival group to a united population that had a mass participation in revolting against the Eastern Indian Company. Finally, England could gradually isolate them by getting heavy taxes from them.      

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The sea is an important place where borders and border arrangements are multiplying, and it is a place where countries' maritime surveillance policies and strategies can be examined. The goal of national governments in maritime interception is to make their maritime territories impervious to undesirable elements and at the same time remain permeable to desirable groups and individuals as well as certain goods and services. The immigration policies of destination countries play an important role in the expansion of migration routes and smuggling operations. At the same time as the authorities make offshore arrangements, people smuggling operations also change their tricks and routes. All over the world, the intensification of border measures leads to the complexity of smuggling networks, and they are likely to take measures that increase the risk and cost of migrants' journeys. Interception at sea provides the possibility of spatial and geographical stretching of borders and has made maritime borders mobile. Migrants who are detained at sea are basically arrested for a crime they have not yet committed because they have not yet crossed the borders of their destination country. Countries of origin, destination and transit have each adopted different maritime strategies to contain and block the sea routes of illegal immigrants and it is important to identify and analyze these strategies. Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Part of the information of this research has been prepared and analyzed through documents and libraries, and in the other part, it has been tried as much as possible from the information and data available on the websites of the International Organization for Migration, EU border guard and other databases related to migrants and maritime transit should be used.  In this article, three types of spatial strategies in the field of maritime border arrangements in three separate regions are examined. In all three discussed regions, the destination countries take measures based on the concept of externalization. These measures are carried out with the aim of preventing immigrants from entering the sovereign territory and preventing access to a range of legal rights, social services and economic facilities. Findings: The argument of this research is that the new geographies of executive measures have gained a special place and a set of spatial tracking strategies has cast a shadow over all territories where executive measures are applied. This research tries to identify these types of patterns in areas where national governments have invested heavily in maritime surveillance. To trace these patterns, the United states' maritime interception strategies and arrangements in the Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans, Australia's actions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the operations of EU member states in the Mediterranean have been used as examples Conclusion: The investigation of the maritime interception strategy shows that the national governments exercise their sovereignty with a geographically flexible method and while encroaching on the territory of others, they push their borders to the offshore side. As a result, the peripheral areas of the dominant powers' sovereignty are both ambiguous and flexible. The borders of powerful destination countries are less permeable and according to maritime interception strategies, they have expanded towards the sovereign territory of other countries. On the contrary, the borders of less powerful countries of origin and transit have become more permeable and are increasingly out of the control of their sovereignty.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘state fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘state fair mix’.

Many political geographers treat the concept of vertical organization of state with territory as its horizontal feature defined within the concept borders as a product of the peace treaty of Westphalia in 1648 (Glassner and de Blij, 1989, 46-59). While this may be true in the case of state within the modern sense of the term in Europe, certainly the concept of state as a vertically organized political structure with its territorial identity is much older than any idea of nation state when measured with Gottmann’s iconography (Jean Gottmann, 1964). This is in deed old with its foundation rooted in more ancient civilizations.There are indications that ancient civilizations were familiar with the notion of state. Ancient texts reveal that this basic principle existed in ancient Persian literature. Similarly, the likelihood exists that these Persian notions could have influenced Roman civilization.It is widely believed that a combination of ancient Greco-Roman and Persian civilizations is a major contributor to what culturally constitutes ‘West’. On the other hand, considering that 'justice' formed the foundation on which the idea of Iran emerged and her territorial identity began to take shape, the idea that ancient Persian spatial arrangement might have contributed to the evolution of the concept of democracy in the West may not be too difficult to contemplate. This is to say that the Iranian tradition of statehood, flourished on the basis of justice enshrined in its socially oriented territorial identity might have contributed to the emergence of the notion of nation state in the West that emerged in the political evolution of space after Westphalia.

territory is referred to that part of urban places from which individuals or a group of people benefit continuously and they protect that place against foreigners and troublesome people because of belonging and ownership felling to there. Any personalization and marking the environment or protecting against trouble is a kind of territory traveling. If public territories in urban spaces are not separated properly, disturbance will be happened in the environment and people become forced to entangle in environment in order to obtain desirable interaction boundary. Reinforcing the territory in parks causes to make an environment in which users have a belonging and ownership feeling which leads to supervise parks by the users, to increase the security and safety and usage extent and finally to increase social interactions in urban environment which is the ideal purpose of designing based on behaviorism.The purpose of this research is to investigate the trend of territory effect on place usage and the manner of applying methods toward territory feeling in urban parks. To categorize these items, the best method is field study of park and drawing important indications of creating territory feeling in that park.Obtained results indicated that making territory and ownership feeling and to stimulate traveling territory behavior in citizens is necessary in public places especially parks in a way that it helps to increase efficiency and to improve security of environment. And to achieve this, different methods and solutions are applied which are: precision in view and sight designing, making places with natural view, suitable and proper luminescence and various facilities such as sitting places, suitable tables, sport equipments, attractive ways with low slope and etc.

territory is one of the essential pillars of political geography. But, there are a lot of discussion about dissubjectivity and unimportance of territory at the age of globalization. The discourses about deterritorialization have attracted the academic and scientific groups so much that some believe that Globalization equals deterritorialization.This article with a neo-realism approach has tried to analyze the process of Globalization having territorial vision. In other words, while it does not deny exterritorial and transnational processes but it put emphasis on reterritorialization of various phenomenon and processes at the age of globalization. The assumption is that territory and boundary can not be obliterated but their function have changed. Likewise, it is believed in this paper that for the needs of human to different and geography, the role of territory will remain for future and globalization and transnationalization do not diminish its role and situation in the communal human life.

In the importance of the environment, it is enough that Article 50 of the Constitution states that the growing life of today and tomorrow depends on its preservation. A strong form of support for this divine gift is the application of criminal measures against its destructive behaviors. The need has also been felt in international sources, including the Stockholm Declaration and the Strasbourg Convention. In this regard, the Iranian penal system has established significant regulations over time and each time in the dimension of "criminalization" and punishment. The intensity of this effort can be seen in the corruption of the filial pity of the widespread distribution of dangerous toxic and microbial substances by Article (286) of the Islamic Penal Code. The findings of this research, which is a descriptive-analytical method and a library data collection tool, show that there are also flaws in the current penal policy, the open face of which is The non-criminalization of some environmentally threatening behaviors, the limitation of the authority of non-governmental organizations to protect the environment, the lack of criminal responsibility of the government for violating this divine gift, and the lack of guarantee guarantee the execution of fines for most crimes in this realm.